"In recent years,
attention to universal social policy has intensified in Latin America and other
parts of the periphery. Definitions of universal social policy have
traditionally varied between a minimalist approach focused on broad coverage
and a maximalist approach focused on generous, citizen-based programs funded
exclusively with general taxes. Unfortunately the former is too narrow and the
latter relies on over-ambitious policy instruments, hardly attainable in the periphery.
Instead, we propose a definition focused on policy goals: universal social
policies are those that reach the entire population with similarly generous
transfers and high quality services. In the second part of the paper, we review
the advantages of universal policies, which can be more redistributive, create
less stigma and be easier to manage than means tested programs and can also
have positive effects on social cohesion and economic growth. The paper
concludes with a discussion of different types of fragmentation as significant
threats towards the expansion of universal social policies in Latin America and
beyond."
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